Compulsory English_BA III (April 2026)

 1. Compulsory English

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Krishna -Sudama (Shanta Rasa)

 कृष्ण आणि सुदामा (शांत रस) :

कृष्ण आणि सुदामा हे सांदिपनी ऋषींच्या गुरुकुलातील बालमित्र. कृष्ण पुढे द्वारकेचा राजा झाला, तर सुदामा खूप गरीब अवस्थेत जगत होता. एकदा सुदामाची पत्नी त्याला मदत मागण्यासाठी कृष्णाकडे जाण्यास सांगते. सुदामा फक्त थोडे पोहे बांधून भेट म्हणून घेऊन द्वारकेला जातो. कृष्ण सुदामाला पाहताच धावून येतो, त्याचे पाय धुतो, त्याला सिंहासनावर बसवतो आणि प्रेमाने भेट स्वीकारतो. सुदामा कृष्णाकडे काहीही मागत नाही.

सुदामा घरी परतल्यावर त्याची जीर्ण झोपडी सुंदर महालात बदललेली दिसते. कृष्णाने न मागताही त्याची गरिबी दूर केली होती.

कृष्ण–सुदामा कथेत शांत रस अत्यंत सुंदर रीतीने दिसतो. सुदामाचे आयुष्य गरिबीतही शांत, समाधानशील आणि वैराग्यपूर्ण जीवन शांत रस उत्पन्न करते. कृष्णाचे सुदामाबद्दलचे निःशब्द प्रेम आणि न मागताही दिलेली मदत हा शांत रसाचा मुख्य भाव आहे. दोघांची पवित्र, निरपेक्ष मैत्री मनात स्थिरता, आणि शांतता निर्माण करते.

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Shanta Rasa:

Shānta Rasa is the rasa of peace, calmness, contentment, and spiritual detachment. It represents a state where the mind is steady, quiet, and free from desire, anger, greed, or fear. It is often connected with Spiritual wisdom, inner tranquillity and detachment from worldly pleasures. The Krishna – Sudama story displays the Shanta Rasa in many ways.

Krishna – Sudama story:

Krishna and Sudama were childhood friends. They studied together in the ashram of Sage Sandipani. Krishna later became the king of Dwarka, while Sudama remained very poor, living a life of hardship with his wife and children.

One day, Sudama’s wife requested him to visit Krishna for help.
Sudama was shy and didn’t want to ask for anything, but he decided to go meet his dear friend. He carried with him a small gift of ‘poha’ because that was all he could afford.

When Sudama reached Dwarka, Krishna recognized him instantly and welcomed him with great love and respect. Krishna washed Sudama’s feet, embraced him, and made him sit on his own throne. Krishna then asked, “What gift have you brought for me?” Sudama felt embarrassed, but Krishna lovingly took the poha and ate it with joy, saying it was the sweetest food.

Sudama stayed with Krishna, but he never asked for money or help.
When Sudama returned home, he was shocked to see that his old hut had transformed into a beautiful house and his family was no longer poor.

Sudama understood that Krishna had given him everything without being asked. Their friendship was pure and selfless.

The Krishna–Sudama story and Shanta Rasa:

The Krishna–Sudama story contains Shānta Rasa in several places:

1. Sudama’s acceptance of poverty:

Sudama never complains about his hardship. He lives a peaceful, content, and detached life, showing inner tranquillity.

2. Sudama’s humble mind and pure heart:

Sudama goes to Krishna not to beg, but simply to meet his friend. His peaceful, quiet devotion expresses spiritual calmness.

3. Krishna’s Silent Blessing:

Krishna does not show off his power. Quietly, without words, he removes Sudama’s poverty. This gentle, peaceful action reflects Shānta Rasa.

4. Sudama’s acceptance and gratitude:

When Sudama returns and sees his home transformed,
he does not become proud. Instead, he feels deep peace and gratitude.

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Draupadi Swayamvar (Veer Rasa)

द्रौपदी स्वयंवर आणि वीर रस

राजा द्रुपदाने आपल्या कन्या द्रौपदीसाठी भव्य स्वयंवर आयोजित केले. स्वयंवरातील अट अत्यंत कठीण होती :

एक मोठे धनुष्य उचलून, त्याला प्रत्यंचा चढवून, पाण्यातील प्रतिबिंब पाहून वर फिरणाऱ्या माशाच्या डोळ्याला बाण मारणे.

कर्ण, दुर्योधन, शिशुपाल, जरासंध  यांसारखे अनेक राजे, योद्धे, महारथी या स्पर्धेसाठी आले होते. पण कुणालाही धनुष्य उचलता किंवा प्रत्यंचा चढवता आले नाही.

या वेळी अर्जुन ब्राह्मण वेषात पुढे येतो. लोक त्याची थट्टा करतात, पण तो शांतपणे, आणि आत्मविश्वासाने धनुष्य उचलतो. अत्यंत कौशल्याने तो प्रत्यंचा चढवतो आणि लक्ष्य बरोबर साधतो. द्रौपदी त्याला वरते आणि नंतर तो अर्जुन पांडव असल्याचे उघड होते.

स्वयंवर प्रसंगातील ‘वीर रस’

वीर रस म्हणजे शौर्य, धैर्य, सामर्थ्य आणि साहसी वृत्तीचा भाव. द्रौपदीच्या स्वयंवरात वीर रस प्रभावीपणे दिसून येतो.

१. अत्यंत कठीण लक्ष्य : भारी धनुष्य आणि फिरते लक्ष्य—हेच प्रसंगाला शौर्यमय वातावरण देतात.

२. बलवान योद्ध्यांची उपस्थिती : समोर देशभरातील राजा-महाराजा सामर्थ्य आजमावतात. त्यांचे अपयश प्रसंग अधिक वीरमय करतात.

३. अर्जुनाचे धैर्य आणि स्थिरता : ब्राह्मण वेष असूनही अर्जुन भीत नाही.
त्याचा यावेळी दिसून आलेला शांतपणा, एकाग्रता आणि कौशल्य हे वीर रसाची मुख्य लक्षणे आहेत.

४. विजयाचा क्षण : अर्जुनाने लक्ष्य भेदल्यावर सभागृहात निर्माण झालेली जयघोष हा
पराक्रम, कौशल्य आणि सामर्थ्य दर्शवणारा सर्वोच्च क्षण आहे.

५. द्रौपदीची निवड : द्रौपदीने सर्वांत पराक्रमी आणि योग्य योद्ध्याला स्वीकारल्यामुळे वीर रस अधिक स्पष्टपणे अधोरेखित होतो.

अशा प्रकारे द्रौपदी स्वयंवर हा प्रसंग अर्जुनाच्या शौर्य, धैर्य, पराक्रम आणि अद्वितीय कौशल्यामुळे पूर्णपणे वीर रसाने ओतप्रोत आहे.

 

 

Draupadi Swayamvar

King Drupada performs a yajña to get a powerful son and daughter. The birth of Dhrishtadyumna and Draupadī is a result of this yajna. When Draupadī becomes of marriageable age, Drupada arranges a swayamvara. A mighty bow is placed in the hall. The task is: “Lift the divine bow, string it, and shoot the arrow to hit the fish’s eye by looking at its reflection in water.”

Many kings and princes such as Jarāsandha, Shishupāla, Karṇa and Duryodhana attend the swayamvara.  But none can string the bow. Karna tries, but Draupadī refuses to let him participate, saying she will not marry a sūtaputra.

When everyone fails, Arjuna, disguised as a Brahmin, steps forward. People laugh, but he confidently lifts the bow. His movements are steady, fearless, and controlled. He strings the bow and hits the moving target perfectly. Draupadī garlands him. Later, it is revealed that he is Arjuna, the great Pāṇḍava prince.

Vīra Rasa in the Swayamvar

Vīra Rasa is related to heroism, courage, confidence, strength, and righteous action. The Swayamvar scene displays Vīra Rasa through:

1. The heroic challenge

The task itself is designed to test exceptional bravery and skill. Lifting a huge bow and hitting a moving target through reflection is a heroic feat.

2. The presence of mighty warriors

Kings and great fighters from all over India gather. Their attempts, struggles, and failures heighten the dramatic atmosphere of heroic competition.

3. Arjuna’s fearless confidence

Although in disguise and appearing as a simple Brahmin, Arjuna steps forward calmly. His actions reflect Dhairya, Shaurya, Pratap, Dakshata, key elements of Vīra Rasa.

4. The moment of triumph

When Arjuna strings the bow and hits the target, the entire hall erupts. This victorious energy is the heroism based on physical power and martial excellence.

5. Draupadī’s admiration

Her acceptance of Arjuna reinforces the heroic act. She chooses the bravest. This scene is especially associated with Vīra Rasa because it showcases Physical heroism, Skill in arms, Courage in a public challenge, Victory after great difficulties.

Thus, Draupadī Swayamvar is an example of Vīra Rasa expressed through martial heroism.

 

 

Shishupal Vadh (Raudra Rasa)

शिशुपाल हा चेदिराजाचा मुलगा आणि श्रीकृष्णाचा आत्येभाऊ होता. तो जन्मताना तीन डोळे आणि चार हात घेऊन जन्मला. त्याचा हा विचित्र जन्म पाहून सर्वजण घाबरले. तेव्हा आकाशवाणी झाली: “जी व्यक्ती शिशुपालाला मांडीवर घेतल्यावर त्याला शांत करील, त्याच्याच हातून त्याचा वध होईल.” शिशुपालाला जेव्हा कृष्णाच्या मांडीवर ठेवले तेव्हा तो लगेच शांत झाला. म्हणून सर्वांना कळले की शिशुपालाचा अंत कृष्णाच्याच हातून होणार.

जन्मापासूनच शिशुपालाला कृष्णाविषयी तीव्र मत्सर आणि द्वेष होता.
तो प्रत्येक वेळी कृष्णावर टीका करायचा, सार्वजनिक सभेत त्याचा अपमान करायचा आणि त्याच्या कार्यांवर आक्षेप घ्यायचा. कृष्णाने मात्र त्याची आई (कृष्णाची आत्या) हिला वचन दिले होते की, “मी शिशुपालाचे शंभर अपराध क्षमा करीन.”

युधिष्ठिराने जेव्हा भव्य राजसूय यज्ञ केला, तेव्हा सर्वांनी अग्रपूजेसाठी कृष्णाची निवड केली.
हे ऐकताच शिशुपाल संतापला. त्याने भर सभेत कृष्णाचा अपमान केला, पांडवांचा उपहास केला, भीष्म, द्रोण, कृप यांचा अवमान केला. कृष्ण मात्र शांतपणे त्याचे अपराध मोजत राहिला. शिशुपालाने जेव्हा १०१वा अपमान केला, तेव्हा मात्र कृष्ण उभा राहिला. कृष्ण म्हणाला, “मी तुझे शंभर अपराध क्षमा केले; पण आता तू मर्यादा ओलांडली आहेस.” क्षणात कृष्णाने सुदर्शन चक्र हातात घेतले. आणि त्या दिव्य चक्राने एका झटक्यात शिशुपालाचे मस्तक उडवले.

या प्रसंगातील शिशुपालाने कृष्णाचा व अन्य ज्येष्ठांचा अपमान करणे, कृष्णाचे क्रोधीत होणे आणि शेवटी शिशुपालाचा भर दरबारात वध होणे या सर्व घटना रौद्र रसाचे उदाहरण आहेत.

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The Story:

Shishupal was the king of Chedi and a cousin of Lord Krishna.
From birth, he had three eyes and four arms. A divine voice had said that he would be killed by the person in whose lap he would stop crying in.
When baby Shishupal was placed on Krishna’s lap, he stopped crying. So, everyone knew Krishna would be the one to kill him.

Though related, Shishupal hated Krishna deeply.
He criticized him constantly, insulted him in public gatherings, and opposed him in every possible matter.

Still, Krishna had promised his aunt (Shishupal’s mother) that he would forgive 100 of Shishupal’s sins before punishing him.

When the Pandava king Yudhishthira performed the grand Rajasuya Yajna, the elders decided that Krishna should be honoured with the Agryapooja—the highest respect. This enraged Shishupal. He stood up in the assembly and began to insult Krishna. He mocked the Pandavas, and abused Bhishma and the elders.

When Shishupal crossed the limit and uttered his 101st insult, Krishna stood up. With perfect calmness, he lifted his divine weapon Sudarshan Chakra. He said: “I forgave the hundred insults as promised. But now you have crossed the limit.” Krishna released the chakra, and in a flash, it severed Shishupal’s head.

Raudra Rasa and the Shishupal Vadh

Raudra Rasa is related with anger, fury and wrath. The killing of Shishupal by Krishna in the Mahabharata is one of the strongest examples of Raudra Rasa.

During the Rajasuya Yajna, Shishupal repeatedly insults Krishna, mocks the Pandavas and abuses elders like Bhishma. His harsh words and arrogance create an atmosphere of anger, provocation, and intense conflict, which forms the base of Raudra Rasa.

Krishna had promised to forgive 100 offences of Shishupal.
But when Shishupal uttered his 101st insult, Krishna rose from his seat. This moment reveals controlled, righteous fury. It is the essence of Raudra Rasa.

Krishna lifting the Sudarshan Chakra creates a powerful image of divine wrath and unstoppable force. When the chakra severs Shishupal’s head, the scene reaches the peak of Raudra Rasa. The act symbolizes the destruction of arrogance and evil through divine fury.

The entire hall falls silent. Even great warriors like Bhishma, Drona, and Yudhishthira witness Krishna’s terrifying yet righteous form. The mood of fear, awe, and intensity enhances the expression of Raudra Rasa.

 

 

Karuna Rasa

 शबरीची कथा

शबरी ही मातंग ऋषींची शिष्या होती. तिला अनेक गुरुंनी तिच्या जातीमुळे शिष्य म्हणून स्वीकारण्यास नकार दिला, पण मातंग ऋषींनी तिचा स्वीकार केला आणि तिला 'ब्रह्मज्ञान' शिकवले.  गुरूंनी तिला त्यांच्या मृत्यूनंतर आश्रमाची देखभाल करण्यास सांगितले आणि तिने त्यांचे वचन पाळले. श्रीराम येऊन तुझा उद्धार करतील, असेही त्यांनी तिला सांगितले. त्यामुळे शबरी अनेक वर्षांपासून श्रीरामांची वाट पाहत होती.

अनेक वर्षांच्या प्रतीक्षेनंतर श्रीराम तिच्या आश्रमात आले. तिने राम आणि लक्ष्मण यांना आश्रमभर फिरवले. पाहुणचार म्हणून तिने त्यांना 'उष्टी' बोरे खायला दिली. तिला वाटले की आपण सर्वोत्तम बोरे रामासाठी निवडलेली आहेत. श्रीरामांनी अत्यंत आनंदाने ती बोरे खाल्ली. तिची ही भक्ती पाहून श्रीराम प्रसन्न झाले व त्यांनी तिचा उद्धार केला.

शबरीने प्रदीर्घ काळासाठी रामाची केलेली प्रतीक्षा, रामाच्या भेटीसाठीची तिची तळमळ, रामाने स्वीकारलेली तिची उष्टी बोरे हा सारा प्रसंग करुण रसाचे एक उत्तम उदाहरण आहे.

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The story of Shabari:

Shabari was an elderly woman from a humble, tribal background. She lived in a small hut in the forest. Early in life, she abandoned her home to seek spiritual wisdom and became a devoted disciple of Sage Matanga.

As the sage approached his death, he promised Shabari that Lord Rama would one day visit her ashram and grant her salvation. Trusting her guru's words, Shabari spent decades waiting for Rama's arrival.

Every day, she performed her routine with steadfast faith: she swept the ashram, fetched fresh water, and went into the forest to gather the sweetest berries, tasting each one herself to ensure it was worthy of her Lord.

Finally, while searching for his wife, Sita, Rama and his brother Lakshmana arrived at Shabari's ashram. Overwhelmed with joy, Shabari fell at their feet, tears streaming down her face. She offered them the carefully selected berries. Rama, recognizing her pure devotion, graciously accepted and ate the tasted fruits.

After the meeting, Rama blessed Shabari, and she attained liberation (moksha), her life's purpose fulfilled.

The story evokes karuna rasa in several ways:

• Shabari's long, patient wait: The image of an aging, lonely woman dedicating her entire life to a hope that seemed distant evokes a feeling of pathos and compassion.
• Her humble devotion: Her simple, unconventional act of tasting the berries, done out of pure love and a desire to give Rama only the best, touches the heart and makes one feel a deep sense of empathy for her sincerity.
• Rama's acceptance: Rama's acceptance of her offering, ignoring social hierarchies and focusing solely on her inner purity, deepens the karuna rasa. The resulting feeling is a profound compassion that ultimately gives way to a sense of spiritual fulfilment and the power of bhakti.

 

Bibhatsa Rasa

द्रौपदी वस्त्रहरणाची कथा महाभारतातील एका महत्त्वाच्या घटनेवर आधारित आहे, जिथे युधिष्ठिराने द्यूत खेळात द्रौपदीला पणाला लावले आणि तो हरला. दुर्योधनाच्या सांगण्यावरून दुःशासनाने द्रौपदीला भर दरबारात ओढत आणले आणि तिचे वस्त्रहरण करण्याचा प्रयत्न केला. पण भगवान श्रीकृष्णाने तिची लाज वाचवली. या घटनेने कौरवांच्या जुलूमाची पराकाष्ठा दाखवली जी पुढे महाभारताच्या युद्धाला कारणीभूत ठरली.

 

Introduction:

Draupadi Vastraharan is a crucial event from the Mahabharata. The Kauravas attempt to disrobe Draupadi in the Kuru court after Yudhishthira loses her in a game of dice. The event is marked by immense humiliation for Draupadi and a divine miracle where her sari magically extends, protecting her modesty as Dushasana tries to undress her. This incident is a major turning point, provoking the anger of the Pandavas and becoming a significant cause for the Kurukshetra War. 

The Story:

The story begins after Yudhishthira loses everything, including Draupadi, in a dice game against the Kauravas. Duryodhana then orders his brother Dushasana to drag Draupadi to the court and disrobe her.

In a moment of despair, Draupadi prays to Lord Krishna for protection. A miracle occurs, and her sari continuously lengthens, preventing Dushasana from disrobing her.

The act of attempting to dishonor Draupadi was a grave offense and a violation of dharma. This humiliation fueled the Pandavas' desire for revenge, leading to the downfall of the Kauravas and the start of the Kurukshetra War.

Bibhatsa Rasa:

The Draupadi Vastraharana episode is a powerful example of Bibhatsa Rasa because it contains actions that fill the audience with deep disgust, shame, and moral outrage.

1. Humiliation of a woman in public: The attempt to strip Draupadi in a royal court is morally disgusting and disturbing.
2. Dushasana’s cruel behaviour: Dragging Draupadi by the hair and trying to disrobe her creates a feeling of gross cruelty, central to Bibhatsa Rasa.
3. Silence of elders: Respectable figures like Bhishma and Drona remain silent. Their inaction creates a sense of shame and moral corruption.
4. Loss of dharma: The courtroom becomes a place of dishonour. This violation of ethics produces disgust and revulsion.
5. Draupadi’s helplessness: Her pain, humiliation, and desperate cry evoke emotional discomfort that aligns with Bibhatsa Rasa.

Conclusion:

The episode of Draupadi Vastraharan evokes disgust and moral horror due to cruelty, humiliation of a woman, and the shameful silence of the elders.

 

Lanka Dahan

लंका दहन हा प्रसंग वाल्मिकीकृत रामायणाच्या सुंदरकांडमध्ये वाचावयास मिळतो. सीतेचे रावणाने अपहरण केल्यानंतर प्रभू श्रीरामांनी सीतेचा शोध घेण्यासाठी हनुमानाला लंकेत पाठविले. हनुमान समुद्र ओलांडून एका उडीत लंकेत पोहोचला. त्याने रात्री सूक्ष्म रूपात शहरात प्रवेश केला. तिथे त्याला अशोकवाटिकेत सीता माता राक्षसिणींच्या पहाऱ्यात सापडली.

हनुमानाने आपली ओळख सांगितली, रामाची अंगठी दाखवली आणि सीतेचा विश्वास जिंकला. सीतेने त्याला आपल्या केसातील चूडामणी (दागिना) दिला, जो रामाला पुरावा म्हणून द्यावा असे सांगितले.

सीतेला भेटल्यानंतर हनुमानाने लंकेत थोडा उपद्रव करून रावणाची ताकद पाहायचे ठरवले. त्याने झाडे तोडली, राक्षसांचा संहार केला. रावणाने रागाने आपल्या पुत्र इंद्रजीताला पाठवले; त्याने ब्रह्मास्त्राने हनुमानाला बांधले. हनुमानाला दरबारात आणले असता, त्याने रावणाला सीता परत करण्याचा सल्ला दिला.
रावण संतापला आणि आज्ञा दिली की, “याच्या शेपटीला आग लावा!” राक्षसांनी त्याची शेपटी कपड्यांनी गुंडाळली, तेल ओतले आणि आग लावली. तेव्हा हनुमानाने आपले रूप प्रचंड मोठे केले आणि पूर्ण लंका पेटवून दिली. सोन्याचे राजवाडे, रस्ते, मनोरे — सर्व जळून खाक झाले. पण विभीषणाचे घर मात्र अखंड राहिले, कारण तो धर्मनिष्ठ आणि प्रभूभक्त होता.

नंतर हनुमानाने समुद्रात शेपटी विझवली, सीतेला निरोप दिला आणि रामाकडे परत गेला.
त्याने सीतेचा संदेश आणि दागिना रामाला दिला. रामाने त्याला आलिंगन देऊन त्याच्या पराक्रमाचे कौतुक केले.

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Introduction:

The Lanka Dahan episode occurs in the Sundara Kanda of the Valmiki Ramayana. After Sita is abducted by Ravana, Lord Rama sends Hanuman across the ocean to search for her. The episode with Hanumana’s giant leap, entry into Lanka, meeting with Seeta and Ravana, and finally burning Lanka is full of the ‘Adbhuta Rasa’.

Hanuman’s Search for Sita

Hanuman crosses the ocean in one leap and reaches Lanka. He takes a small form to enter the city secretly at night. He searches everywhere  until he finally finds Sita in Ashoka Vatika, surrounded by demonesses.

Hanuman speaks to Sita from a hidden place, reciting Rama’s name and showing her Rama’s ring as proof. Sita, filled with joy and tears, gives him her chudamani (a jewel from her hair) to take back as a sign for Rama.

Hanuman’s Capture

Before returning, Hanuman decides to test Ravana’s power and warn the demons. He destroys trees and guards in the Ashoka Garden, uproots plants, and kills many rakshasas.

Ravana sends his son Indrajit (Meghanada), who captures Hanuman using the Brahmastra weapon.

Hanuman before Ravana

In Ravana’s royal court, Hanuman boldly declares that he is the messenger of Lord Rama. He advises Ravana to return Sita respectfully. Ravana, enraged by Hanuman’s fearless words, orders that Hanuman’s tail be set on fire as punishment.

The Burning of Lanka (Lanka Dahan)

But Hanuman, chanting Rama’s name, leaps high into the sky and grows in size. Using his burning tail as a torch, he sets fire to the entire city of Lanka. After completing his mission, Hanuman dips his tail in the sea to extinguish the fire and bows to Lord Rama in his heart.

Return to Rama

Then he leaps across the ocean and returns to Rama and Lakshmana on the other shore. He delivers Sita’s jewel and message, and Rama embraces Hanuman with joy and gratitude.

Adbhuta Rasa:

Lanka Dahan episode evokes a sense of marvel, wonder, and supernatural astonishment. The following are the elements of Adbhuta Rasa in Lanka Dahan episode.

• ·       Hanuman grows enormously in size.
•         He leaps across the ocean to Lanka.
•         Fire on the tail does not harm him.
•         Hanuman burns the entire city single-handedly.

The whole episode evokes awe and amazement. The event is seen as divinely guided. The miraculous nature intensifies the Adbhuta feeling.

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