e-contents Radhanagari College

e-Content developed by Prof. (Dr) N A Jarandikar Q. 1) Write a short note on Grandma: Grandma is the central character in Edward Albee’s The Sandbox . She is an old woman. She is a lively, witty character. Mommy is her daughter and Daddy is her son-in-law who bring Grandma to the beach and place in a sandbox, waiting for her death.  Grandma speaks directly to the audience. From her dialogues, a light is thrown on her past life. She had been married to a farmer at the age of seventeen. The husband died at the age of thirty. Then she brought up her daughter. Now Grandma is 86 years old and her daughter is married. Her daughter and son-in-law have taken her land, and all of them have shifted to another town. In this new place, Grandma is given a separate place, one army blanket and one dish.  Family relations and the issue of elderly people remain at the centre of the play. From the dialogues of Grandma, it becomes clear that she had brought up her daughter single-handedl...

एडवर्ड अल्बी हा एक अमेरिकन नाटककार आहे. विसाव्या शतकातील महत्त्वाच्या नाटककारांमध्ये त्याचे नाव घेतले जाते.  ‘द सँडबॉक्स’ ही १९५९ साली लिहिलेली एकांकिका आहे. मॉमी (आई), डॅडी (बाबा), ग्रँडमा (आज्जी), यंग मॅन (तरुण युवक) आणि म्युझिशिअन (संगीतकार) अशी पाच पात्रे या एकांकीकेमध्ये आहेत. ग्रँडमा ८५ वर्षाची आहे. मॉमी ही तिची मुलगी आहे. ती ५५ वर्षांची आहे. तिचा नवरा (डॅडी) ६० वर्षांचा आहे. वयाच्या तिसाव्या वर्षी ग्रँडमाच्या नवऱ्याचे निधन होते. त्याच्या पश्चात ती आपल्या मुलीला वाढवते आणि पुढे तिचे लग्न लावून देते. लग्नानंतर मुलगी-जावई ग्रँडमाची जमीन विकतात व तिला घेऊन दुसऱ्या गावी येतात. तिथे ग्रँडमाला अडगळीत टाकले जाते.  एकांकीकेमध्ये सुरुवातीला मॉमी आणि डॅडी ग्रँडमाला एका समुद्रकिनाऱ्यावर आणतात आणि एका वाळूच्या बॉक्समध्ये (बॅरल) ठेवतात. मग ती दोघे बाजूला जाऊन वाट पहात बसतात. ते कशाची वाट पहात आहेत याचा उलगडा सर्वात शेवटी होतो. एक तरुण युवक हा सगळा प्रकार बघतो आहे.  सुरुवातीला असंबद्ध बोलणारी ग्रँडमा आपला सगळा भूतकाळ प्रेक्षकांना सांगते. एवढ्यात मॉमी आणि डॅडी यांना प्रचंड मोठा गड...

 (e-content developed by Prof. (Dr) N A Jarandikar) Transformation and Transposition These are the important terms from film studies. They are related to making a film based on a literary text. They are a further exploration of the idea of ‘adaptation’. The word ‘transformation’ originates from ‘to transform’. The dictionary meaning of ‘to transform’ is ‘to change completely’. The word ‘transposition’ originates from ‘to transpose’. The dictionary meaning of ‘to transpose’ is ‘to change from one position to another. In short, ‘transformation’ requires a complete change, whereas ‘transposition’ requires a moderate change. Transformation:   It is a loose and creative adaptation . A filmmaker makes major changes in the original literary work. These major changes can be at multiple levels, such as changes in plot, changes in characters, changes in ending, etc. The technical term used for such changes is ‘cinematic liberty’. Many a time, s/he takes literary text as a starting poi...

 (e-content developed by Prof. (Dr) N A Jarandikar) The poem ‘The Seven Stages’ is written by Meena Kandasamy. Meena Kandasamy is the Indian poet.Caste issues and gender inequality are the main themes of her poetry. The poem ‘The Seven Stages’ deals with a sad love story. This story may happen in any part of India. The lovers are cursed by the caste issues. The society does not accept their marriage, and they are killed brutally. In one sense, the poem brings forward the issue of ‘honour killing’ in India. The poem begins with a warning to the beloved, her lover and the readers.  The poet warns the beloved not to lose her love and the lover. The poet asks the lover not to ignore her advice about the precious love, not to lose his love. The poet asks the readers to consider the tragic incident as a dream. She asks them to defy this dream. At the beginning of the poem, the poet refers to the seven stages of love as cherished by Sufi tradition. These seven stages of love are as f...