Transformation and Transposition

 (e-content developed by Prof. (Dr) N A Jarandikar)

Transformation and Transposition

These are the important terms from film studies. They are related to making a film based on a literary text. They are a further exploration of the idea of ‘adaptation’. The word ‘transformation’ originates from ‘to transform’. The dictionary meaning of ‘to transform’ is ‘to change completely’. The word ‘transposition’ originates from ‘to transpose’. The dictionary meaning of ‘to transpose’ is ‘to change from one position to another. In short, ‘transformation’ requires a complete change, whereas ‘transposition’ requires a moderate change.

Transformation: 

It is a loose and creative adaptation. A filmmaker makes major changes in the original literary work. These major changes can be at multiple levels, such as changes in plot, changes in characters, changes in ending, etc. The technical term used for such changes is ‘cinematic liberty’. Many a time, s/he takes literary text as a starting point, and then goes on adding and editing the ideas as per the requirements. Usually, a filmmaker mentions the original literary text in the credits given either at the beginning or the end of the cinema. A filmmaker considers it as his moral responsibility. The main purpose of transformation is to interpret the original text for a new context.

The film ‘Angoor’ is a classic example of transformation. The film is based on a classic play, ‘Comedy of Errors’ by William Shakespeare. The filmmaker has kept the major plotline intact. But the motif of the characters, their names, and the setting are changed. There is an addition of songs too. The film ‘3 Idiots’ is also another example of transformation. The film is based on Chetan Bhagat’s novel ‘Five Point Someone’. But the filmmaker has used the novel just as a starting point. To make it dramatic and entertaining, the filmmaker has made significant changes in the original novel. The film ‘Dev D’ is the transformation of the novel ‘Devdas’, but the original literary text is not mentioned in the film’s credits. 

Transposition: 

It is a very close and faithful adaptation. A filmmaker makes moderate changes in the original literary work. Usually, the names of characters and, setting are kept intact. A slight modification and editing are done in the the case of plot. Too much liberty is avoided by the filmmaker. Due credit is given to the original literary text.  The main purpose of transposition is to maintain and preserve the original literary text as it is.

The film ‘Train to Pakistan’ is a good example of transposition. The film is based on the novel by Khushwant Singh with the same title. Right from the title, everything has been faithfully retained in the film by the filmmaker. The Marathi film ‘Natrang’ is another example of transposition. The film is based on the novel with the same title by Anand Yadav.

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Seven Stages

 (e-content developed by Prof. (Dr) N A Jarandikar)

The poem ‘The Seven Stages’ is written by Meena Kandasamy. Meena Kandasamy is the Indian poet.Caste issues and gender inequality are the main themes of her poetry.

The poem ‘The Seven Stages’ deals with a sad love story. This story may happen in any part of India. The lovers are cursed by the caste issues. The society does not accept their marriage, and they are killed brutally. In one sense, the poem brings forward the issue of ‘honour killing’ in India.

The poem begins with a warning to the beloved, her lover and the readers. 

1. The poet warns the beloved not to lose her love and the lover.

2. The poet asks the lover not to ignore her advice about the precious love, not to lose his love.

3. The poet asks the readers to consider the tragic incident as a dream. She asks them to defy this dream.

At the beginning of the poem, the poet refers to the seven stages of love as cherished by Sufi tradition. These seven stages of love are as follows:

1. Hub (Attraction)

2. In (Infatuation)

3. Ishq (Love)

4. Aquidat (Trust)

5. Ibadat (Worship)

6. Junoon (Madness)

7. Maut (Death)

According to the poet a love story begins with attraction, infatuation and love. Here a silent man falls in love with a talkative girl.

After the third stage, the society enters the story along with ‘caste code’. That means the lovers belong to the different castes and society is against it. The lovers are separated by society for two years. But this separation of lovers goes through the stages of trust, worship and then madness.

Out of this junoon or madness, the lovers become rebels. They throw away the barriers of society. They elope and get married.

However, they are constantly under threat from society. So they prefer to live underground like rabbits. But society doesn’t spare them. The society discovers them and they are slaughtered. This is how comes the final stage of their love: death. The lovers tried to defy the social conventions, but they were defeated and died.

But the poet appeals to take this sad story as a dream, and try to ‘turn it on its head’. The honour killing is a reality in our society. But the poet appeals to change the mentality.

The seven stages of love are described in Sufi tradition. Here the love is between the devotee and God. Death refers to a state of self-dissolution where a devotee becomes one with God. 

But in real life, the real love story follows the path of death literally and ends tragically.

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कविता ‘द सेवन स्टेजेस’ ही मीन कंदसामी यांनी लिहिलेली आहे. मीन कंदसामी या भारतीय कवयित्री आहेत. जातिव्यवस्था आणि लैंगिक विषमता हे त्यांच्या कवितांचे मुख्य विषय आहेत.

‘द सेवन स्टेजेस’ ही कविता एका दु:खद प्रेमकथेवर आधारित आहे. अशी कथा भारतात कुठेही घडू शकते. या कवितेतील  प्रेमी युगलाला जातीच्या बंधनाचा शाप लागतो. समाज त्यांच्या विवाहाला मान्यता देत नाही आणि त्यांना क्रूरपणे ठार मारले जाते. एका अर्थाने, ही कविता भारतातील ‘ऑनर किलिंग’चा मुद्दा समोर आणते.

कवितेची सुरुवात एक इशारा देऊन होते — प्रेयसीला, प्रियकराला आणि वाचकांना.

1. कवयित्री प्रेयसीला तिचं प्रेम आणि प्रियकर गमावू नकोस, असा इशारा देते.

2. कवयित्री प्रियकराला सांगते की, हे अमूल्य प्रेम गमावू नकोस; माझं म्हणणं दुर्लक्षित करू 

                        नकोस.

3. कवयित्री वाचकांना सांगते की, ही शोकांतिका एक स्वप्न समजावी आणि त्या स्वप्नाला विरोध 

                        करावा.

कवितेच्या सुरुवातीला कवयित्री सूफी परंपरेतील प्रेमाच्या सात टप्प्यांचा उल्लेख करते. हे टप्पे असे आहेत:

1. हब (आकर्षण)

2. इन (आवड)

3. इश्क (प्रेम)

4. अकीदत (विश्वास)

5. इबादत (पूजा)

6. जुनून (वेडेपणा)

7. मौत (मृत्यू)

कवयित्रीच्या मते, प्रत्येक प्रेमकथेची सुरुवात आकर्षण, आवड आणि प्रेम अशा पहिल्या तीन टप्प्यांनी होते. इथे एक अबोल माणूस एका बोलक्या मुलीवर प्रेम करतो.

पण तिसऱ्या टप्प्यानंतर समाज त्यांच्यात हस्तक्षेप करतो आणि जातीभेदाची भिंत उभी राहते. दोघे वेगवेगळ्या जातीतले असल्यामुळे समाज त्यांच्या विरुद्ध उभा राहतो. समाज त्यांना दोन वर्षांसाठी वेगळं करतो. पण या विरहातून त्यांच्या प्रेमाचा विश्वास, पूजा आणि शेवटी वेडेपणा अशा पुढील तीन टप्प्यांतून प्रवास होतो.

वेडेपणाच्या या टप्प्यावर ते बंडखोर बनतात. ते समाजाचे बंधन झुगारून देतात. ते पळून जाऊन लग्न करतात.

पण समाजाकडून त्यांना नेहमीच धोका असतो. म्हणून ते सशासारखे लपून राहतात. पण समाज त्यांना सोडत नाही. समाज त्यांना शोधून काढतो आणि ठार मारतो.

अशी ही प्रेमकथा शेवटी मृत्यू या अंतिम टप्प्याला पोहोचते. त्यांनी सामाजिक बंधनांचा विरोध केला, पण त्यांना हरवण्यात आलं आणि त्यांचा अंत झाला.

कवयित्री हे दु:खद सत्य एक स्वप्न मानायला सांगते आणि ते उलटवून टाकायला सांगते. ऑनर किलिंग ही आपल्या समाजातली एक कटू वास्तविकता आहे. पण कवयित्री मानसिकता बदलण्याचे आवाहन करते.

मूळ सूफी परंपरेतील सात टप्पे हे देव आणि भक्त यांच्यातील प्रेमाचे प्रतीक आहेत. मृत्यू म्हणजे भक्त देवामध्ये विलीन होतो, अशी अवस्था.

पण खरी प्रेमकथा प्रत्यक्ष मृत्यूकडे वाटचाल करते आणि दु:खदरीत्या संपते.

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Hollywood

 (e-Content developed by Prof. (Dr) N A Jarandikar)

Introduction:

‘Hollywood’ is a term associated with the American film industry. Hollywood is a place in California, America. Its development as the centre of the global film industry began gradually from the beginning of the 20^th century. Its beautiful scenery, bright sunlight, and pleasant atmosphere attracted the film studios to settle here. Paramount Studios, Warner Brothers and Disney Studios played a major role in establishing Hollywood. There are many film centres in America apart from Hollywood, such as the New York film industry, the Atlanta Film Industry, and the Chicago film industry. But Hollywood remains the capital of all these film industries for so many reasons. It’s the largest English film-making industry next only to Bollywood.

Hollywood v/s British films:

Britain also produces English films. But there is a major difference between Hollywood and British films. Hollywood produces very big-budget films and targets a global audience. Such is not the case with the British films. And after the Second World War, as America emerged as the superpower, in filmmaking too it did not lag behind.

Hollywood and European cinema:

Film budget is again a major issue when the European cinema is compared with Hollywood. No other film industry can compete with Hollywood as far as the issue of budget is concerned. The second problem that European cinema faces is the language barrier. The European cinema is produced in German, French, Italian, and Spanish languages. So, it does not have a global audience.

One more difference between Hollywood and the British or European cinema is that Hollywood makes highly commercial films where the focus is mainly on entertainment. The British or European cinema gives main importance to artistic values. Again, there are no big studios in Europe or England as can be seen in Hollywood.

Main features of Hollywood:

Hollywood produces fully entertaining movies. Many a time, they are action-packed movies. There is a pretty good scope for romance, mystery and thrill. It seldom touches the philosophical, social or very serious components. It makes the robust use of technology while filmmaking.

How big is Hollywood?:

If Bollywood is compared with Hollywood, one can understand how big Hollywood is. Bollywood produces 300-350 films per year. Bollywood produces 600-800 films per year. 100-120 crore rupees are invested in the average big-budget Bollywood movie. The budget of big Hollywood movie is ten times to it. The budget of the famous Hindi movie ‘Chhava’ was 130 crore rupees. The budget of the famous Hollywood movie ‘Spiderman 3’ was 300 million dollars. And that too was in 2007.  

Hollywood as a world cinema leader:

Naturally, Hollywood is a big giant. It controls the fashion world and food culture across the globe. It sets trends in storytelling and film making. The Oscar awards is one more point that proves in what way Hollywood is a world cinema leader. Oscar awards are given to the well-known films produced every year across the globe. These awards are given in Los Angeles, America.  It follows a rigorous procedure to select and award the best films. There a handful of Bollywood movies and persons who are recognized by the Oscars. On the other hand, Hollywood dominates in the Oscar awards.

Famous Hollywood movies and studios:

·         ‘Spider Man’ (Columbia Pictures)

·         ‘Godfather’ (Paramount Pictures)

·         ‘The Lion King’ (Disney Studio)

·         ‘Batman’ (Warner Brothers)

 

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Morphological Analysis

 Q. 5 B II) Morphological Analysis

Morphological Analysis करण्यासाठी खालील गोष्टी माहित करून घ्या : 

• सर्वप्रथम दिलेल्या शब्दाचा word class माहित करून घ्या. उदा. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb. हे ओळखण्यासाठीचे काही सर्वसाधारण नियम पुढीलप्रमाणे आहेत : 

Noun:

१. Noun चे -s/-es लावून अनेकवचन होऊ शकते. उदा. Boys; villages; chairs 

२.  -tion शब्द हे noun वर्गातील असतात. उदा. Examination; competition; generation (Verb ला -tion लावल्यानंतर noun तयार होते.)

३.  -ment; -ness हे शब्द noun वर्गातील असतात. उदा. Development; enjoyment; happiness; kindness

Adjective:

१.  -er/-est लागणारे शब्द हे adjective असतात. उदा. Taller; tallest

२. -al  हे शब्द adjective वर्गातील असतात. उदा. Musical; natural (Noun ला -al लावल्यानंतर adjective मिळते)

Verb:

१. -ize/-ify हे शब्द verb असतात. उदा. Modernize; simplify

२. -en/-ate  हे शब्द verb असतात. उदा. Widen; originate

Adverb:

१. -ly हे शब्द सहसा adverb असतात. उदा. Slowly; happily (Adjective ला -ly लावल्यानंतर Adverb मिळते.)

• Morphological Analysis मध्ये prefix/suffix लावून तयार झालेल्या शब्दाचा मूळ शब्द शोधण्यात येतो. उदा. Development या शब्दामध्ये ‘develop’ हा मूळ शब्द असून -ment हा suffix आहे.  या मूळ शब्दाला ‘root’ असे म्हटले जाते. 

• काही वेळेला एका पेक्षा अधिक suffx जोडले जातात किंवा एखाद्या शब्दाला prefix आणि suffix दोन्ही जोडले जातात. उदा. recharging. येथे charge हा root word आहे आणि याला re- हा prefix व -ing हा suffix जोडला आहे. अशा वेळी charge पासून प्रथम charging हा शब्द बनतो व charging पासून recharging हा शब्द बनतो. त्यामुळे जो मधला शब्द येतो त्याला आपण stem असे म्हणतो.  

• यातील root word ला free morpheme असे म्हटले जाते, तर prefix/suffix ला bound morpheme असे म्हटले जाते.

• आता खालीं दिलेली tree diagram पहा : 

• Prefix हे दोन प्रकारचे असतात : class changing आणि class maintaining 

उदा. Discharge हा शब्द verb म्हणून काम करतो. यामध्ये -dis हा prefix आहे, तर charge हा root word आहे. Charge हा शब्ददेखील verb म्हणून काम करतो. याचाच अर्थ prefix जोडल्यानंतर discharge या शब्दाचा class बदलत नाही. म्हणून -dis हा prefix class maintaining आहे.

Encourage हा शब्द verb म्हणून काम करतो. यामध्ये -en हा prefix आहे, तर courage हा root word आहे. Courage हा शब्द noun म्हणून काम करतो. याचाच अर्थ prefix  जोडल्यानंतर encourage या शब्दाचा class बदलतो. म्हणून -en हा prefix  class changing आहे.

• Suffix हे दोन प्रकारचे असतात :  inflectional आणि derivational. 

• Inflectional Suffix हे प्रत्यय व्याकरणासंदर्भाने noun, verb आणि adjective/adverb या शब्दांना जोडले जातात. उदा. अनेकवचन करणे (villages); काळ बदलणे (working); degree बदलणे (taller). हे प्रत्यय जोडल्यानंतर शब्दांचा अर्थ बदलत नाही. 

Villages - Village: root word; -es: inflectional suffix

Working: work: root word; -ing:inflectional suffix

Taller : tall: root word; -er: inflectional suffix

• Derivational Suffix :  हे पुन्हा prefix प्रमाणे दोन प्रकारचे असतात : class changing आणि class maintaining 

class changing derivational suffix: happiness या शब्दामध्ये happy  हे root word आहे, तर -ness हे suffix आहे. Happiness शब्दाचा class हा noun आहे, तर happy शब्दाचा class हा adjective आहे. याचाच अर्थ -ness हा suffix जोडल्यानंतर happiness या शब्दाचा class बदलतो. म्हणून -ness हा class changing derivational suffix आहे.

class maintaining derivational suffix: friendship या शब्दामध्ये friend  हे root word आहे, तर -ship हे suffix आहे. Friendship या शब्दाचा class हा noun आहे, friend या शब्दाचा class सुद्धा noun आहे. याचाच अर्थ -ship हा suffix जोडल्यानंतर friendship या शब्दाचा class बदलत नाही. म्हणून -ship हा class maintaining derivational suffix आहे.