Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T. S.

Introduction:

Nissim Ezekiel is one of the most important Indian poets writing in English. This poem is one of his most famous humorous (विनोदी) pieces. It is written in the form of a speech given at a farewell party for a colleague, Miss Pushpa.

The poem:

There is one farewell party in one office. Miss Pushpa T. S. is working in that office. She is going abroad in a couple of days. The speaker on this occasion expresses good words for Miss Pushpa, and gives wishes for her journey and future career.

According to the speaker, Miss Pushpa is a sweet and very cooperative girl. She is ready to help everyone. Her appearance in the office is pleasing. She belongs to one wealthy family. She comes from Surat. Her father is a renowned advocate.  The reference to Surat reminds the speaker how he had spent some days in Surat, and how the hostess was a good cook. Finally, the speaker requests the other colleagues to express their feelings, and announces that the function will be concluded by the speech by Miss Pushpa.

Analysis of the poem:

The overall tone of the poem is humorous. But the most striking thing about the poem is the use of Indian English. The poem highlights some common mistakes that are committed by the Indian speakers.  These mistakes are as follows:

1. The unnecessary use of continuous tense:

•  ‘you are all knowing’ (you all know); 

• ‘Miss Pushpa is coming from very high family’ (Miss Pushpa comes from a very high family); 

• ‘That is showing good spirit’ (That shows good spirit.)

2. The absence of articles:

• ‘Miss Pushpa is coming from very high family’ (Miss Pushpa comes from a very high family); 

• ‘Her father was renowned advocate’ (Her father was a  renowned advocate)

• ‘she is most popular lady’ (she is the most popular lady)

3. Incorrect use of sensory verbs:

• Some verbs do not take -ing form. For example, ‘I am remembering’ (I remember); ‘I am appreciating’ (I appreciate)

4. Incorrect use of conjunctions:

• ‘with men also and ladies also’ (with men as well as ladies)

5. Incorrect use of vocabulary:

• ‘departing’ (going)

• ‘In two three days’ (in a couple of days)

Conclusion:

“Goodbye Party for Miss Pushpa T.S.” is a light-hearted yet meaningful poem. Through humor, Nissim Ezekiel shows us how language, culture, and identity mix in modern Indian society. It's an easy and enjoyable read, but also gives us a lot to think about regarding how we speak, especially in formal situations.

* * * * *

ही कविता निरोप समारंभात दिलेल्या भाषणाच्या रूपात आहे. मिस पुष्पा टी.एस. परदेशात जाणार असल्यामुळे त्यांच्या सहकाऱ्यांनी त्यांच्यासाठी निरोप समारंभ आयोजित केला आहे. एक सहकारी भाषण करत आहे, पण ते भाषण Miss Pushpa विषयी फारसं नाही, तर जास्तकरून स्वतःबद्दल आणि इतर विषयांवर आहे.

कवीने विनोदी शैलीत ही कविता लिहिली आहे. भाषणात इंग्रजी व्याकरणाच्या चुका, असंबंधित गोष्टी आहेत. हे भाषण वास्तवात फारसे अर्थपूर्ण नाही. भाषण करणारा व्यक्ती Miss Pushpa बद्दल खूपच सामान्य गोष्टी सांगतो – जसं की ती नेहमी हसतमुख असते, आणि कोणालाही कधी नाही म्हणत नाही वगैरे.

या कवितेमध्ये भारतीय इंग्रजी भाषेची शैली उघडपणे दाखवली आहे – जिथे व्याकरण चुकीचं असतं पण भावना खरी असते. कवीने भारतीय ऑफिस संस्कृतीवर हलक्याफुलक्या शैलीत टीका केली आहे. संपूर्ण कविता सामाजिक निरीक्षण आणि विनोद यांचं सुंदर मिश्रण आहे.

* * * * *

The original poem:

Goodbye Party For Miss Pushpa T.S.

Friends,

our dear sister

is departing for foreign

in two three days,

and

we are meeting today

to wish her bon voyage.

You are all knowing, friends,

What sweetness is in Miss Pushpa.

I don't mean only external sweetness

but internal sweetness.

Miss Pushpa is smiling and smiling

even for no reason but simply because

she is feeling.

Miss Pushpa is coming

from very high family.

Her father was renowned advocate

in Bulsar or Surat,

I am not remembering now which place.

Surat? Ah, yes,

once only I stayed in Surat

with family members

of my uncle's very old friend-

his wife was cooking nicely…

that was long time ago.

Coming back to Miss Pushpa

she is most popular lady

with men also and ladies also.

Whenever I asked her to do anything,

she was saying, 'Just now only

I will do it.' That is showing

good spirit. I am always

appreciating the good spirit.

Pushpa Miss is never saying no.

Whatever I or anybody is asking

she is always saying yes,

and today she is going

to improve her prospect

and we are wishing her bon voyage.

Now I ask other speakers to speak

and afterwards Miss Pushpa

will do summing up.

* * * * *

Word formation processes

 

Q. 5 B I) Identify the word formation process used in the underlined words in the following sentences. (5 sentences)                                                                                  (05 Marks)

 

Ø The following are the word formation processes in English:

1.      Affixation

2.      Compounding

3.      Conversion

4.      Reduplication

5.      Clipping

6.      Blending

7.      Acronymy

 

1.      Affixation: एखाद्या शब्दाला prefix/suffix जोडण्याच्या प्रक्रियेला Affixation असे म्हणतात. या प्रक्रियेमध्ये ज्या शब्दाला prefix/suffix जोडले जातात, त्याला free morpheme असे म्हणतात; तर prefix/suffix यांना bound morpheme असे म्हणतात. free morpheme ला स्वतंत्रपणे वेगळा अर्थ असतो. bound morpheme ला स्वतंत्रपणे वेगळा अर्थ नसतो.

उदा.

prefix जोडलेले : charge: recharge; happy: unhappy; connect: disconnect;

 suffix जोडलेले : charge: charger; happy: happily; connect: connection

 prefix/suffix दोन्ही जोडलेले : operate: co-operation; success: unsuccessful 

 

2.      Compounding:  या प्रक्रियेमध्ये दोन किंवा अधिक free morphemes एकत्र येऊन नवीन शब्द तयार होतो.

उदा.

table + cloth = tablecloth;

wrist + watch = wristwatch;

flower + pot = flowerpot

 

3.      Conversion: यामध्ये कोणताही नवीन morpheme जोडला जात नाही. परंतु शब्दाची व्याकरणातील असणारी मूळ जात बदलते. म्हणजेच एखादे noun हे verb म्हणूनसुद्धा जेव्हा कार्य करते, तेव्हा या प्रक्रियेला conversion असे म्हणतात.

उदा.

i.                    My father gave me a present. (present = noun)

I presented my paper. (present = verb)

ii.                  He has a very lovely look. (look = noun)

We look before and after. (look = verb)

 

4.      Reduplication: यामध्ये एकसारख्या दिसणाऱ्या morphemes चे duplication किंवा repetition होत असते. काही वेळेस repetition होणारे morphemes हे एकसारखे असतात, तर काही वेळेस त्यामध्ये किरकोळ बदल केलेला असतो.

उदा.

bye-bye;

tick-tock;

ding-dong;

see-saw

 

5.      Clipping: यामध्ये वापराच्या सोयीसाठी मूळचा शब्द हा लहान बनवलेला असतो.

उदा.

laboratory: lab;

photograph: photo;

telephone: phone;

advertisement: ad

 

6.      Blending: यामध्ये दोन morphemes एकत्र करून, त्यापासून नवीनच शब्द बनवला जातो.

उदा.

breakfast + lunch = brunch;

information + entertainment = infotainment

 smoke + fog = smog

wireless + fidelity = Wi-Fi

 

7.      Acronymy: म्हणजेच short फॉर्म्स. यामध्ये प्रत्येक पहिल्या शब्दाची अद्याक्षरे घेतली जातात. सर्व अद्याक्षरे capital मध्ये लिहिला जातात. या अद्याक्षरानंतर full stop दिला जात नाही.

उदा.

State Bank of India: SBI

Cash on Delivery: CoD

Chartered Accountant: CA

Maharashtra Public Service Commission: MPSC

 

Morphology (Short notes)

 

Write short notes.

1.   Morphology:

Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words. It looks at how words are formed, and how they can be broken into smaller parts called morphemes.

Like sentences, clauses and phrases, words also have a structure. Words are made up of smaller elements called morphemes. We can divide the word into parts and establish relationship between them. We can show the parts which make up a word.

For example, the word 'wristwatch' is made up of two parts i.e. 'wrist' and 'watch'.  The word 'unconventional' can be divided into three parts: 'un', 'convention', and 'al'. Morphology therefore, is the study of the patterns of word-forms. It studies:  

1) how the words are formed,

2) where they originate from,

3) what their grammatical forms are, and

4) what are the functions of prefixes and suffixes in the formation of words and finally

5) how and why the forms of word change.

Morphology refers to the form of words in a language system where a syntax refers to the form of the arrangement of words in phrases, clauses and sentences.

Words are like puzzles, and morphology helps us see how the pieces fit together!

 

2.   Morpheme

Traditional grammarians have treated 'word' as the smallest unit in the grammatical analysis of a language. But modern linguists object to treat 'word' as the smallest unit. They raise the question whether ‘wristwatch’ is one word or two? If' ‘table' is one word and 'cloth' is the other, then it is inappropriate to call it one word. On the other hand, on the basis of meaning it is regarded as a one word. Hence, the idea of a 'word' is difficult to define. To overcome these problems modern linguists have discovered a new unit called 'morpheme'.

Morpheme is defined 'as the smallest meaningful unit of a language'. Morpheme is the smallest part into which a word can be divided. A word is made up of one or more morphemes.

1.   For example, 'teach' is a word which is made up of one morpheme, but 'teacher' is a word which is made up of two morphemes i.e. 'teach' and '-er'.

2.   Similarly, in a word 'unfaithful' there are three morphemes: un + faith+ ful.

It means that the word "teacher' is made up of two morphemes, whereas the word 'unfaithful' is made up three morphemes.

Thus, we can say that, the words are formed out of morphemes. The words such as dog, man, write, play, blue, happy, etc are made up of only one morpheme. Such words are called 'monomorphemic' words.

The words such as cats, writing, happily, disgraceful are made up of more than one morpheme. Hence, they are called 'poly-morphemic' words.

 

3.   Free morphemes

Morphemes are mainly categorized into two classes: i) free morphemes and ii) bound morphemes.

Free Morphemes:

A free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word. It has its own meaning. For example, 'dog' in a sentence. "The dog is a sincere animal.’ The morphemes 'dog' “sincere’ and ‘animal’ are meaningful and stand on their own as words in the above sentence. The free morphemes can be used freely as words having their own specific meanings. The free morphemes always contain and sustain their meaning wherever they occur in a sentence. In short,

1.   Free morphemes are independent words.

2.   They can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.

3.   They carry basic meaning in a sentence.

 

4.   Bound morphemes

Morphemes are mainly categorized into two classes: i) free morphemes and ii) bound morphemes.

Bound Morphemes:

Bound morphemes cannot occur as independent units or words in a sentence. They need a support of other morphemes. They are always attached to other free morphemes. They occur in combination with other free or bound morphemes. The morphemes like un-, dis-, re-, en-, -less, -ing. -ful, -ness, -ly, -ment etc. are bound morphemes.

For example, in this word 'unlikely', 'like' is a free morpheme and 'un' and '-ly are bound morphemes.

A free morpheme is called a stem and a bound morpheme attached to some other form is called an 'affix'. Words are made up of either a single free morpheme or a free morpheme and one or more bound morphemes or two or more free morphemes.

A word made up of a single free morpheme like book, sister, bench etc. are called 'Simple words'.

A word made up of one free morpheme and one or more bound morphemes (e.g. happily, unfaithful, unemployment etc.) is called a 'Complex word'.

A word made up of two or more free morphemes (e.g. table lamp, watchman, doorbell, hair oil etc.) is called a 'Compound word.

 

5.   Prefix:

Affixes are of three types: i) Prefix, ii) Suffix and iii) Infix

Prefix:

An affix that is attached at the beginning of a stem or root is called a prefix e.g. in the word 'misconduct', 'mis-' is a prefix and 'conduct' is a root.

Prefixes are marked with a dash at the end (dis-) as in 'disbelief'. Prefixes are always derivational. We get a new word by attaching a derivational affix to the stem. Prefixes are either class-changing or class-maintaining. If the grammatical class of the stem is changed after attaching a prefix, it is called class-changing prefix and if the grammatical class of the stem remains unchanged even after attaching a prefix, it is called class-maintaining prefix.

Some examples of prefixes are as follows:

·         un- (happy/unhappy; known/unknown)

·         re- (charge/recharge; write/rewrite)

·         dis- (continue/discontinue; connect/disconnect)

 

 

6.   Suffix:

Affixes are of three types: i) Prefix, ii) Suffix and iii) Infix

Suffix:

An affix that is attached at the end of a stem or a root is called a suffix. For example, in a word 'driving', 'drive' is a root and '-ing' is a suffix. Suffixes are marked with a hyphen or dash at the beginning (-ing) as in 'driving'.

Suffixes are mainly of two types: i) inflectional suffixes, and ii) derivational suffixes.

Inflectional Suffixes:

The suffixes that are used to inflict words are called inflectional suffixes. They do not form a new word e.g. the suffix -s' in 'boys' is not two separate words. Inflectional suffixes always occur with nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The list of the inflectional suffixes in English is given below:

Nouns- i) Plural Suffix: -s or -es - cat- cats, box- boxes, pen- pens, rose- roses

  ii) Possessive Case Suffix: -'s e.g. John-John's, worker-worker's

Verbs- i) Third Person Singular Subject Present Tense Suffix: -s/-es e. g.  

              come- comes, catch –catches,

ii) Past Tense Suffix: -ed e.g. work- worked, talk - talked, want- wanted,

iii) Present Participle Suffix: -ing e.g. write-writing, work-working

iv) Past (Perfect & Passive) Participle Suffix: -en/-ed -e.g. give- given,

eat- eaten, write-written, take – taken, call – called

Adjective/Adverbs

i) Comparative Degree Suffix: -er e.g. tall-taller, small-smaller

ii) Superlative Degree Suffix: -est e. g. rich-richest, small-smallest

Derivational suffixes:

The derivational suffixes are called derivational because they make new words when they are attached to the stems or the roots.

e.g. 'man' is a word and we get a new word 'manhood' by attaching ‘-hood' suffix to it. Therefore '-hood' is a derivational suffix.

Some derivational suffixes do not change the class or part of speech of the root to which they are attached; therefore, we have class-maintaining derivational suffixes and class-changing derivational suffixes.

The examples of derivational suffixes are as follows:

·         -ship: friend/friendship; relation/relationship

·         -ful: care/careful; beauty/beautiful

·         -ment: excite/excitement; enjoy/enjoyment