My Last Duchess

My Last Duchess

—    Robert Browning

रॉबर्ट ब्राऊनिंग यांनी लिहिलेली My Last Duchess ही एक प्रसिद्ध ड्रॅमॅटिक मोनोलॉग प्रकारातील कविता आहे. संपूर्ण कविता ही एका पात्राच्या एकतर्फी संभाषणाच्या स्वरूपात मांडली आहे. या कवितेतील ड्युक एका पाहुण्याशी बोलत आहे, जो त्याच्याकडे पुढील विवाहाच्या वाटाघाटीसाठी आला आहे. मात्र, या बोलण्यातून त्याच्या जुन्या पत्नीबद्दल (डचेसबद्दल) आणि त्याच्या व्यक्तिमत्त्वाबद्दल धक्कादायक सत्य उलगडते.

ड्युक पाहुण्याला एका सुंदर पेंटिंगसमोर नेतो, जे त्याच्या माजी पत्नीचे (डचेसचे) आहे. हे चित्र प्रसिद्ध चित्रकार फ्रां पांडोल्फ यांनी रंगवले आहे. ड्युक फक्त निवडक लोकांनाच हे चित्र पाहण्याची संधी देतो, कारण तोच ठरवत असतो की कोणाला डचेसचा चेहरा पाहण्याची परवानगी द्यायची.

तो पाहुण्याला सांगतो की हे चित्र किती वास्तवदर्शी आहे—डचेसचे हसणे, तिच्या चेहऱ्यावरचा आनंद आणि तिच्या डोळ्यातील चमक अगदी जिवंत वाटते. पण जसजसे तो बोलत जातो, तसतसे हे स्पष्ट होते की त्याला पत्नीचे हे आनंदी, खेळकर आणि प्रेमळ वागणे पसंत नव्हते.

ड्युक सांगतो की डचेस प्रत्येकाच्या लहानशा कृतींने आनंदी व्हायची—तिला सूर्यप्रकाश, गोड बोलणारे सेवक, कोणीतरी तिला दिलेली एखादी छोटीशी भेटवस्तू यामुळेदेखील तिला हसू यायचे. मात्र, ड्युकला हे खटकत होते की ती त्याच्यासाठी वेगळी वागत नाही. तिचे हास्य आणि आनंद सगळ्यांसाठी सारखेच होते.

त्याच्या मते, पत्नीने फक्त त्याच्यासाठी आणि त्याच्या अधिकारासाठी विशेष आदर दाखवला पाहिजे होता, पण ती प्रत्येकाशी समान आणि स्नेहपूर्ण वागत असे. हे पाहून ड्युक अस्वस्थ झाला आणि त्याने तिला बदलण्याचा विचार केला.

तो स्पष्टपणे सांगतो की त्याला तिला थेट बदलण्यास सांगायचे नव्हते, कारण तो असा मानतो की एका उच्चवर्गीय व्यक्तीने अशा छोट्या गोष्टींवरून तक्रार करणे हे त्याच्या प्रतिष्ठेला शोभत नाही. त्यामुळे त्याने एक साधा निर्णय घेतला—"मी आज्ञा दिली आणि तिचे हास्य कायमचे थांबले."

या वाक्यातून सूचित होते की ड्युकनेच डचेसचा बळी दिला असावा किंवा तिच्या मृत्यूची व्यवस्था केली असावी. मात्र, तो या गोष्टीबद्दल पूर्णपणे थंड आणि निर्दयी आहे, कारण त्याला वाटते की त्याने काहीही चुकीचे केले नाही.

इतक्या गंभीर गोष्टी सांगूनही ड्युक आपल्या पाहुण्याशी सहज बोलत राहतो. तो विषय बदलतो आणि त्याच्या पुढच्या लग्नासंदर्भात बोलायला सुरुवात करतो.

यात एक मोठा विरोधाभास दिसतो—जो माणूस आपल्या पत्नीच्या मृत्यूविषयी इतक्या सहजपणे बोलतो, तोच आता पुढच्या लग्नाच्या तयारीत आहे!

ड्युक एक अहंकारी, निर्दयी आणि स्वतःला श्रेष्ठ समजणारा माणूस आहे. तो पत्नीला मारून टाकतो आणि तरीही स्वतःला निर्दोष मानतो. तो एका व्यक्तीचे आयुष्य संपवतो आणि त्यावर पश्चात्तापही करत नाही—ही गोष्ट कवितेला आणखी भयानक बनवते.

ही कविता केवळ एका व्यक्तीची कहाणी नसून पुरुषसत्ताक व्यवस्थेतील स्त्रियांच्या परिस्थितीवरही भाष्य करते, म्हणूनच ती आजही महत्त्वाची मानली जाते.

 

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Robert Browning was a famous English poet known for his dramatic monologues. Browning’s writing is often complex, but he had a great talent for storytelling and exploring deep emotions. Browning is considered as one of the great Victorian poets. One of his most famous poems is My Last Duchess. In this poem, a Duke (सरदार) talks about his late wife (मृत पत्नी) in a chilling way. The poem was published in his book ‘Dramatic Lyrics’.

Dramatic monologue is a type of poem written in the first-person form of speech by a single character. The speaker is speaking with one or many persons. It features some specific qualities like first person narration, and silent listener. It reveals the psychological insights (मानसशास्त्रीय ज्ञान) and the true personality of the speaker through his inner thoughts and feelings.

The poem, “My Last Duchess” is one of the perfect and finest examples of dramatic monologues. The poem is set in ‘Ferrara’ which was the capital of one province (प्रांत) of Italy. In this poem, the speaker is the Duke of Ferrara. He is talking with a messenger (दूत) of the Count. The messenger had come from the Count with a marriage proposal for the Duke. The messenger in the poem is a silent listener. Here, the Duke shows him his palace and at one place describes the painting on the wall. It is a portrait of his last Duchess (सरदार पत्नी).

The painting was wonderfully painted by Friar Pandolf. It is so wonderful as if the Duchess in the portrait appears alive (जिवंत). The Duke asks the visitor to sit and observe the painting carefully. The Duke describes the expressions and passions on the face of the Duchess in the portrait. However, he mentions that such courtesy (सौजन्य) of the Duchess was not limited to her husband only. It was meant for everyone. The Duke is displeased (असंतुष्ट) with the Duchess’ such kind of generous attitude. The Duke also complains that the Duchess was so free. She liked everything whatever she came across. She used to enjoy even the simplest things like sunset, riding on a white mule (खेचर), etc. She used to consider all the things equal. The Duke admits that she smiles whenever he passes her. But her smile was not special with her husband only. According to the Duke, it was meant for everyone. This was growing day by day. The Duke adds further. “This grew; I gave commands; / Then all smiles stopped together.”

The Duke ironically (उपरोधाने) points at the painting and comments that she looks as if she is alive. The Duke then requests the visitor to go back to the company. He tells the messanger that he is aware about Count’s prosperity (श्रीमंती) and generosity (उदारपणा). The Count won’t do any pretence for dowry (हुंडा). The Duke makes it clear that his object is the’ his fair daughter’ and not dowry.

In this way, without directly describing the Duke, the poem throws light clearly on his personality. The poem shows how the Duke was jealous, possessive, arrogant and cruel. The Duke sees his wife as something to be owned, just like the painting on the wall. He couldn’t control her while she was alive, so he got rid of her. The Duchess was kind to everyone, smiling and blushing at simple things. This angered the Duke, who wanted her to treat him as the most important person in her life. The Duke considers himself superior. He doesn’t directly say he had his wife killed, but he strongly hints at it. He expects his next wife to be more obedient.

Thus, My Last Duchess is a powerful poem that explores the dark side of human nature—especially themes of power and control in relationships. It remains one of Robert Browning’s most famous works because of its deep psychological insight and dramatic storytelling.

 

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Original Poem

FERRARA

That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall,

Looking as if she were alive. I call

That piece a wonder, now; Fra Pandolf’s hands

Worked busily a day, and there she stands.

Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said

“Fra Pandolf” by design, for never read

Strangers like you that pictured countenance,

The depth and passion of its earnest glance,

But to myself they turned (since none puts by

The curtain I have drawn for you, but I)

And seemed as they would ask me, if they durst,

How such a glance came there; so, not the first

Are you to turn and ask thus. Sir, ’twas not

Her husband’s presence only, called that spot

Of joy into the Duchess’ cheek; perhaps

Fra Pandolf chanced to say, “Her mantle laps

Over my lady’s wrist too much,” or “Paint

Must never hope to reproduce the faint

Half-flush that dies along her throat.” Such stuff

Was courtesy, she thought, and cause enough

For calling up that spot of joy. She had

A heart—how shall I say?— too soon made glad,

Too easily impressed; she liked whate’er

She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.

Sir, ’twas all one! My favour at her breast,

The dropping of the daylight in the West,

The bough of cherries some officious fool

Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule

She rode with round the terrace—all and each

Would draw from her alike the approving speech,

Or blush, at least. She thanked men—good! but thanked

Somehow—I know not how—as if she ranked

My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name

With anybody’s gift. Who’d stoop to blame

This sort of trifling? Even had you skill

In speech—which I have not—to make your will

Quite clear to such an one, and say, “Just this

Or that in you disgusts me; here you miss,

Or there exceed the mark”—and if she let

Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set

Her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse—

E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose

Never to stoop. Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt,

Whene’er I passed her; but who passed without

Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;

Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands

As if alive. Will’t please you rise? We’ll meet

The company below, then. I repeat,

The Count your master’s known munificence

Is ample warrant that no just pretense

Of mine for dowry will be disallowed;

Though his fair daughter’s self, as I avowed

At starting, is my object. Nay, we’ll go

Together down, sir. Notice Neptune, though,

Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,

Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!

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On His Blindness

 Introduction

"On His Blindness" is a well-known sonnet written by John Milton.  John Milton is a famous English poet. The poem expresses his thoughts and emotions after losing his eyesight (दृष्टी). It follows the Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet form, with a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA CDECDE. The poem explores themes of faith, patience, and acceptance.  Milton reflects on his inability to use his poetic talent and wonders how he can still serve  God.

Background

John Milton became completely blind around 1652, at the age of 44. As a poet and scholar, he had devoted his life to literature and felt that his blindness was a great loss. During this time, he struggled with feelings of helplessness and questioned his purpose. "On His Blindness" captures these emotions and his realization that God values patience as much as active work.

Summary

The poem begins with Milton lamenting (शोक प्रकट करणे) his blindness, as he feels that he can no longer use his poetic talent to serve God. He worries that God might expect work from him even though he has lost his sight. However, the poem takes a turn when Patience, personified as a guiding force, reassures him that God does not require great deeds from everyone. Instead, those who accept their situation and trust in God’s plan also serve Him. The poem ends with the famous line: "They also serve who only stand and wait." This means that even those who are unable to perform active duties can still fulfill their purpose through faith and patience.

Analysis

1. Theme of Faith and Acceptance – The poem highlights Milton’s spiritual journey from doubt to acceptance. He realizes that service to God is not limited to active work but also includes inner faith and patience.
2. The Role of Patience – By personifying Patience, Milton presents it as a voice of wisdom that helps him understand God’s will.
3. Human Limitations vs. Divine Will – Milton initially struggles with the idea that he can no longer contribute through his poetry, but he learns that God does not expect more than what one is capable of giving.
4. Personal Reflection – The poem is deeply personal, as it reflects Milton’s own struggles with blindness and his efforts to find meaning in his life despite this challenge.

Conclusion

"On His Blindness" is a powerful poem that teaches the importance of faith, patience, and inner strength. It conveys the idea that one’s worth is not determined by outward achievements but by trust in a higher purpose. The poem remains inspiring, as it encourages people to accept life’s difficulties with grace and confidence in divine wisdom.

"On His Blindness" ही इंग्रजीतील सुप्रसिद्ध कवी जॉन मिल्टन यांनी लिहिलेली साॅनेट प्रकारातील कविता आहे. ही कविता त्यांनी अंधत्व आल्यावर लिहिली असून, त्यामध्ये त्यांनी आपल्या आयुष्याविषयीची चिंता व ईश्वरावरील विश्वास यांचे प्रकटन केले आहे. हे इटालियन (पेट्रार्कन) शैलीतील साॅनेट आहे आणि यामध्ये ABBAABBA CDECDE ही यमक योजना (rhyme scheme) आहे.

जॉन मिल्टन यांना १६५२ साली, वयाच्या ४४व्या वर्षी अंधत्व आले. साहित्य आणि काव्य लेखन हे त्यांचे जीवन होते, त्यामुळे दृष्टी गमावल्यावर त्यांना अतिशय नैराश्य आले. त्यांनी स्वतःच्या कार्यक्षमतेविषयी शंका घेतली आणि ईश्वर त्यांच्याकडून काय अपेक्षा करतो याचा विचार करू लागले. ही कविता त्यांच्या या मनःस्थितीचे प्रतिबिंब आहे.

कवितेच्या सुरुवातीस मिल्टन त्याच्या अंधत्वाबद्दल दुःख व्यक्त करतात. त्यांना असे वाटते की आता ते त्यांच्या प्रतिभेचा उपयोग करून ईश्वराची सेवा करू शकणार नाहीत. त्यांना भीती वाटते की ईश्वर त्यांच्याकडून कामाची अपेक्षा करत असेल आणि जर ते काही करू शकले नाहीत, तर त्याला उत्तर द्यावे लागेल.

मात्र, जेव्हा "Patience" (सहनशीलता) कवीला उत्तर देऊन टाकते. सहनशीलता त्यांना समजावते की ईश्वर केवळ कर्तव्याची अपेक्षा करत नाही, तर श्रद्धा आणि सहनशीलताही महत्त्वाची आहे. शेवटी, कवी म्हणतो की ईश्वरावर श्रद्धा ठेवणे आणि संयमाने त्याच्या कृपादृष्टीची वाट पाहणे हेही महत्त्वाचे आहे. हीही एक प्रकारे ईश्वराची सेवा आहे.

"On His Blindness" ही केवळ अंधत्वाबद्दलची कविता नाही, तर ती श्रद्धा, सहनशीलता आणि ईश्वराच्या योजनेवर विश्वास ठेवण्याचा संदेश देते. मिल्टन यांना कळते की शारीरिक कार्य करण्यास असमर्थ असणारे लोकही ईश्वराची सेवा करू शकतात. ही कविता आजही प्रेरणादायी आहे आणि संकटांचा स्वीकार कसा करावा हे शिकवते.

Sonnet

(e-Content developed by Dr N A Jarandikar) 

Sonnet

Introduction:

A sonnet is a 14-line poem. It follows a specific rhyme pattern. It is one of the most popular forms of poetry in English literature.

Main Features of  Sonnet:

1. A sonnet always has 14 lines.
2. The pattern of rhyming words at the end of lines is specific. Different types of sonnets have different rhyme schemes.

Types of Sonnets:

There are two types of sonnets: 1. Shakespearean sonnet; 2. Petrarchan sonnet. 

Shakespearean sonnet is also known as the English sonnet. Petrarchan sonnet is also known as the Italian sonnet.

Shakespeare is an important English poet and dramatist. He belonged to England when Queen Elizabeth was ruling there. So, very often Shakespearean sonnet is also known as the Elizabethan sonnet. 

Petrarch was an Italian poet. He made the sonnet form very popular. The sonnet form came to England from Italy. 

The main features of Shakespearean and Petrarchan sonnet are as follows:

1. Shakespearean (English) Sonnet

   • Shakespearean sonnet is divided into three stanzas with four lines each and followed by  final  two lines (couplet) (4+4+4+2).
   • In Shakespearean sonnet, the rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.
   • Many of Shakespeare’s sonnets, like "My Mistress' Eyes" or “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” are examples of the Shakespearean sonnet.

2. Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet

   • Petrarchan sonnet is divided into two stanzas (8+6). Eight lined stanza is termed as octave and the six lined stanza is termed as sestet.
   • Rhyme scheme of Petrarchan sonnet is ABBAABBA (first 8 lines) and CDECDE or CDCDCD (last 6 lines).
   • Sonnets by the Italian poet Petrarch.

Themes of Sonnets of sonnets are as follows:

• Love and beauty
• Time and mortality
• Nature and emotions
• Philosophical ideas

Conclusion:

Sonnets are short but expressive poems that follow a strict structure. They have been written by famous poets like Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Wordsworth. Even today, sonnets remain a powerful way to express deep emotions in poetry.

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My Mistress’ Eyes

(e-Content developed by Dr N. A. Jarandikar)

 My Mistress’ Eyes 

शेक्सपियरचे "My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun" हीसॉनेट प्रकारातील कविता आहे.  ही कविता इतर पारंपरिक प्रेमकवितांपेक्षा वेगळी आहे. त्याकाळच्या कवींप्रमाणे आपल्या प्रेयसीचे सौंदर्य वाढवून सांगण्याऐवजी, शेक्सपियर तिचे प्रामाणिक शब्दांत वर्णन करतो.  

कवी म्हणतो की 

- त्याच्या प्रेयसीचे डोळे सूर्यासारखे तेजस्वी नाहीत. 

- ओठ पोवळ्यासारखे लाल नाहीत.  

- त्वचा बर्फासारखी शुभ्र नाही.  

- केस सोनेरी धाग्यांसारखे नाहीत, तर काळ्या तारेसारखे दिसतात.  

- गाल फुलांप्रमाणे लालसर नाहीत. 

- श्वास सुगंधीत नाही.  

- आवाज संगीतासारखा गोड नाही.  

हे सगळे वाचून असे वाटू शकते की कवी तिच्या सौंदर्यावर टीका करतो आहे. पण शेवटच्या दोन ओळींमध्ये तो खरा अर्थ सांगतो:  

"तरीही, मी तिला अत्यंत दुर्मिळ समजतो, कारण इतर स्त्रियांप्रमाणे जर तिची अशा खोट्या उपमांनी स्तुती केली असती, तर तो तिचा अपमान ठरला असता ."

अशा प्रकारे कवीच्या मते सौंदर्याच्या खोट्या कल्पनांपेक्षा खरी व्यक्ती जास्त महत्त्वाची असते.  तसेच खरे सौंदर्य हे प्रेम, स्वभाव आणि नातेसंबंध यावर अवलंबून असते.

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Introduction: 

‘My Mistress’ Eyes’ is a sonnet number 130 written by William Shakespeare. It is a unique love poem. Most of the love poems of his time were full of praise (प्रशंसा) for women with too much comparisons. But Shakespeare takes a different approach. He describes his mistress (प्रेयसी) in a very realistic and honest way, showing that true love does not need false praise (खोटी प्रशंसा).

The poem:

The poem begins with the speaker saying that his mistress’ eyes are “nothing like the sun”. It means that they do not shine brightly. He continues by saying:

• Her lips are not as red as coral (मौल्यवान पोवळे).

• Her breasts are not as white as snow.

• Her hair is like black wires, not golden strands.

• Her cheeks are not as rosy as flowers.

• Her breath does not smell like perfume.

• Her voice is not as sweet as music.

At first, it may seem that he is criticizing her. But in the last two lines, he reveals the true meaning of the poem. Here, he says his love is rare. It does not need any false comparisons. 

Analysis:

The poem is a sonnet. It is a Shakespearean sonnet. ‘Real Love is Honest’ is a central idea of the poem. The poet does not need to lie to express his love. Many poets compared women to unrealistic things, but Shakespeare makes fun of this tradition. According to Shakespeare, beauty is more than looks. Shakespeare uses simple, everyday language to describe his mistress honestly. 

Conclusion:

‘My Mistress’ Eyes’ is a beautiful poem about real love. Instead of using false praise, Shakespeare shows that love is not about external beauty. Love is about accepting and respecting someone who they truly are. This makes the poem more relatable and meaningful even today.

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Original Poem:

Sonnet 130: My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun

By William Shakespeare

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lips' red;

If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;

If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.

I have seen roses damasked, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks;

And in some perfumes is there more delight

Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.

I love to hear her speak, yet well I know

That music hath a far more pleasing sound;

I grant I never saw a goddess go;

My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.

   And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare

   As any she belied with false compare.

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Question Bank_Aristotle's Poetics

 

Aristotle’s Poetics

1) Aristotle's Poetics was an answer to -------.

a) Sidney's An Apology for Poetry                  b) Shelley's A Defense of Poetry

c) Plato's Republic                                         d) Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales

2) The Poetics is mainly concerned with -------.

a) Comedy      b) Poetry         c) Epic             d) Tragedy

3) The common principle of all fine arts is that ------------.

a) they give us pleasure                                  b) they imitate something

c) they are useful to us                                    d) they are of no use

4) Tragedy is an imitation of ---------.

a) action         b) people                     c) life               d) world

5) The term ‘mimesis’ was first used by ---------.

a) Philip Sidney                                              b) P. B. Shelley

c) Plato                                                           d) Chaucer

6) What does Aristotle mean by the word 'magnitude'?

a) management                                    b) proper size or length of the plot

c) the function of tragedy                   d) the theme of tragedy

7) Discovery' means the change of fortunes in hero's life from -----------.

a) adversity to prosperity                    b) prosperity to adversity

c) ignorance to knowledge                d) poverty to wealth

8) According to Aristotle, a tragedy has ---------- formative elements.

a) six               b) five              c) many           d) nine

9) -------- is the very soul of tragedy.

a) character     b) dialogue      c) plot             d) catharsis

10) The word 'Catharsis' is used to denote -----------.

a) the action of tragedy                                               b) the list of characters

c) the function or emotional effect of tragedy        d) the definition of tragedy

11) The root meaning of hamartia is ------.

a) fixing the target                              b) missing the mark

c) finding fault                                    d) right choice

12) According to Bradley, hamartia is ---------.

a) tragic flaw             b) justice          c) fortune                    d) right decision

13) Butcher and Bywater believe that hamartia means --------.

a) a missing of mark                           b) misfortune of hero

c) an error of judgment                    d) all of these

14) Hamartia is not --------.

a) moral falling          b) ideal truth    c) universal truth         d) none of these

15) Aristotle used the word hamartia for ---------.

a) villain                      b) ideal tragic hero    d) heroine                    d) none of these

16) Aristotle defines tragedy in _____ of Poetics.

            a) Book I                     b) Book III                  c) Book IV                  d) Book VI

17) According to Aristotle, a tragedy should be in the form of _____.

            a) narration                  b) action                     c) description              d) prose

18) For a tragic hero, Aristotle gives an example of _____.

            a) Oedipus                  b) King Lear               c) Hamlet                    d) Macbeth

19) According to Aristotle, a tragic hero must be _____.

            a) shy              b) very poor                c) ethically good        d) selfish

 

 

B) Answer the following questions in one word/phrase/sentence.

1) Where did Plato use the term ‘mimesis’? (Republic)

2) Which Greek word is represented ‘imitation’ in English? (Mimesis)

3) What does Aristotle mean by "the action of tragedy must be complete'? (It must have a well beginning, a middle and an end.)

4) Which are the two kinds of plot, according to Aristotle? (simple and complex)

5) What is meant by peripety? (The change in fortunes of the hero)

6) How should be the language of tragedy, according to Aristotle? (dignified and elevated)

7) What does Aristotle mean by the plot in tragedy? (the arrangement of incidents)

8) What kind of emotions are given outlet through tragedy?  (pity and fear)

9) How should be the tragic hero, according to Aristotle? (He should be good, but not too good or perfect.)

10) What is the root meaning of hamartia? (“missing the mark”)

11) What is the meaning of hamartia according to Else and Martin Ostward? (The hero has a tendency to err, created by lack of knowledge)

12) What is the meaning of anagnorisis? (It is a sudden change, “from ignorance to knowledge”.)

13) Who believes that hamartia is not moral state; but an error of judgment which a man makes or commits? (Butcher, Bywater, and Rostangi)

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